Two species of lichens, Buellia insularis and Polyblastia cataractae, as well as a lichenicolous fungus [in Russian with English summary: ] Lasiosphaeriopsis lecanorae, were identified as new for Russia during the comprehensive studies of vegetation on the Kolguev Island. For each species, a brief description is given based on the specimens studied, differences from closely related species, ecological features, and global distribution are shown. Keywords: Arctic, floristic records, lichenicolous and lichenized fungi, lichens, Nenets Autonomous Area, rare species.