Boreal lichen woodlands (LWs) are stable low tree-density zones of the Canadian boreal forest whose afforestation has been proposed as a way to create new C sinks and thus mitigate climate change. Planting operations in these remote areas are however costly and time-consuming, and may not be necessary when soil scarification is followed by dense natural regeneration. In the present study, we assessed the natural regeneration potential and dynamics in six boreal LWs of Quebec, Canada, 11 years after soil scarification. The number, size (height and stem diameter) and age of seedlings were measured in 2-4 sampling plots per site (18 plots in total). Our data show that scarification operations produced on average 1,400 m(2) ha(-1) of exposed mineral soil (scarification intensity of 14%) with, however, a large within-site variability. The natural regeneration was mainly composed of black spruce seedlings (> 95%), averaged similar to 12,000 seedlings ha(-1) across the six sites and significantly varied among sites, mostly due to the variation in scarification intensity. Seedling density averaged similar to 9 seedlings m(-2) of exposed mineral soil and increased with seed tree mean diameter at breast height (DBH) (R-2 = 0.51; P < 0.05) but not with the density of seed trees, revealing the importance of old and large seed trees in natural regeneration success. Together, scarification intensity and the DBH of remaining seed trees explained similar to 60% of the variation in natural regeneration density across the 18 sampled plots. The rate of establishment of seedlings was generally high - with on average 60% of the carrying capacity of the substrate being reached within three years following scarification - and increased with seed tree mean DBH (R-2 = 0.77; P < 0.05). However, the growth rate of seedlings was very low. Eleven years after scarification, 60% of the seedlings were < 15 cm and the height of 10-yr-old seedlings averaged 27.5 cm. Thus, even though seedling establishment was successful, the biomass accumulated by the natural regeneration was negligible in the span of a decade. Therefore, the implementation of afforestation following scarification appears to be necessary to create significant C sinks in the midterm. boreal forest, black spruce, soil mechanical preparation, scarification intensity, natural sowing, seed bed, seedling establishment, natural regeneration, black-spruce, white spruce, current knowledge, forest zone, jack pine, clear-cut, growth, afforestation, availability, fire