[Original Russian text published in Sibirskii Ekologicheskii Zhurnal, 2023, No. 2, pp. 205–224.] The processes of biodeterioration of the unique Tomskaya Pisanitsa monument of rock art in Western Siberia have been studied by a complex of biological and mineralogical methods. The species composition of the lithobiotic community (bacteria, fungi, and lichens) is identified using a complex of cultural, morphological, and molecular genetic methods. It is shown that the destruction of the monument is a result of interrelated physical, chemical, and biological processes, accompanied by a change in the properties of the rock and its biological colonization. The structure of microbial communities depends on the local environment and successional processes. The development of biofilms with the dominance of cyanobacteria is observed on the rock zones of increased moisture and the formation of carbonate crusts. The problems of adaptation of the lithobiotic microorganisms to existence at the Tomskaya Pisanitsa rock art monument, as well as their role in the processes of oxalate and carbonate biomineralization, are discussed. The results point to the danger of deterioration of Tomskaya Pisanitsa monument and indicate the need to find new effective ways to protect it, taking into account the accumulated scientific data. Keywords: petroglyphs, rock, biofouling, lithobitiс community, biodeterioration, biomineralization.