[in Russian with English summary: ] The biogeographical structure of the lichen biota of Belarus was studied in order to understand its distribution patterns (floristic elements) against the background of modern ecogeographical and historical factors. Seven floristic elements are distinguished, namely arid, boreal (cool-temperate), hypo-arctic-montane, montane, multi-zonal, nemoral (mild-temperate) and suboceanic. Nemoral element is the most diverse in the country, counting 205 (30.9%) species. The share of arid and mild-temperate species has increased over the past 20 years due to the climate warming. In contrast, hypo-arctic-montane and montane lichens are vulnerable to warming and may soon experience local extinction. For the suboceanic and multi-zonal species, sensitivity to climate change remains unknown. Keywords: lichens, lichenicolous fungi, geographic analysis, climate change.