The taxonomy, chemistry, morphology, habitat requirements and distribution of Ochrolechia androgyna s. lat. and O. arborea in Poland are detailed; there are two chemotypes (B and C) of O. androgyna. Ochrolechia androgyna B is a mountain taxon with few scattered lowland localities, whereas O. androgyna C is typically a lowland lichen with very few mountain records. The possible type collection of O. androgyna s. str. and holotype of O. pulvinata var. ecorticata proved to be O. androgyna B. Ochrolechia androgyna B is reported for the first time from Austria, Finland, France, Great Britain, Slovenia, Spain, Ukraine and North America (U.S.A.). O. androgyna C is recorded for the first time from Austria, Germany and Slovakia. Ochrolechia arborea appears to be continental in its distribution in Poland. Morphological variation of O. arborea is briefly discussed. Pertusaria sordidogrisea (= O. sordidogrisea) proved to be a synonym of O. arborea.