Hale M.E., Jr.
(1987):
A monograph of the lichen genus Parmelia Acharius sensu stricto (Ascomycotina: Parmeliaceae),
Smithsonians Contributions to Botany,
66: 1-55
The 38 species of Parmelia Acharius sensu stricto are revised at the world
level. The genus is characterized by punctate or effigurate pseudocyphellae, a black lower
surface with simple, furcate or squarrose rhizines, simple hyaline spores, and cylindrical to
weakly bifusiform conidia. The most frequent secondary metabolites are salazinic acid and
protocetraric acid. Parmelia is an extremely conservative genus, most common in
temperate-boreal and austral regions, with a low level of vegetative …
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