Lawrey J.D.
(1991):
Biotic interactions in lichen community development: a review -
Lichenologist,
23(3): 205-214
The extent to which biotic factors (competition, predation/disease, longevity) regulate lichen community development can be addressed by considering a number of general trends expected in higher plant successions and searching for supporting evidence from lichen studies. Four of the most frequently observed (or predicted) trends during succession are that: (1) superior competitors replace poor competitors; (2) ecologically specialized species replace generalists; (3) chemically well-defended species …
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