Kurokawa S.
(2006):
Phytogeographical elements of the lichen flora of Japan,
Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory,
100: 721-738
Sixteen phytogeographical elements are recognized in the lichen flora of Japan on the basis of their world distribution patterns, namely 1) holarctic, 2) bipolar, 3) alpine, 4) boreal, 5) Beringian, 6) eastern Asiatic-North American disjunctive, 7) northeast Asiatic, 8) pantemperate, 9) Sino-Japanese, 10) endemic, 11) pantropical, 12) paleotropical, 13) Indo-Malayan, 14) Pacific, 15) circum-Pacific, 16) Australian. Representative taxa belonging to each element are cited and their dis tributions are …
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