Although Brazil harbors high lichen diversity and endemism, the biodiversity and composition of several areas remain poorly known, and data for many groups are still lacking. The Caatinga is neglected in studies and often considered to have low biodiversity due to gaps in knowledge of its lichen biota. This is the first survey exploring the composition and diversity of fruticose lichens in the Brazilian Caatinga, focusing on Catimbau National Park (Brazil). Species of Ramalina, Teloschistes, and Usnea were recorded and described, along with their distribution and the geographical factors influencing their occurrence. These lichenized fungi occurred and spread in the Park, even in the buffer zone, subjected to anthropogenic pressure. Among the recorded species, five correspond to first records for the North and Northeast regions of Brazil (R. dendriscoides, U. cornuta, U. dasaea, U. subelegans, U. subscabrosa), and one is the first record for the state of Pernambuco (R. dendriscoides). Keywords: Caatinga, lichenized fungi, protected areas, species richness, tropical dry forest.