For the first time, lichens and lichenicolous fungi of the mountainous landscapes of the Khynekhdere tract (Southern Daghestan) have been studied. Our investigation covered habitats across an altitudinal range of 1770–2700 m a. s. l. A total of 199 species (including 24 lichenicolous fungi) were identified, among them Arthonia circinata and Lichenopeltella maculans are new to Asia and Russia, Lichenothelia dimelaenae is reported for the first time for Russia, Phacographa glaucomaria is a new record for the Caucasus, and four species (Catapyrenium daedaleum, Immersaria athroocarpa, Lecidea confluens, Staurothele fissa) are new to the North Caucasus. For the lichen flora of Daghestan, 41 species have been recorded for the first time, including 10 new genera (Buelliella, Epithamnolia, Immersaria, Lichenopeltella, Ophioparma, Phacographa, Psorula, Schaereria, Spilonema, Toensbergia) and four new families (Mniaeciaceae, Schaereriaceae, Trichothyriaceae, Coccocarpiaceae). Keywords: biodiversity, highlands, inventory, new records, Caucasus.