Identifying lichens has long relied on morphology, chemistry, and microscopy, but these traditional approaches often obscure true species boundaries due to convergent evolution and phenotypic plasticity. With the advent of DNA sequencing, a more accurate understanding of lichen diversity has emerged, revealing cryptic species and challenging historical classifications. Molecular techniques not only refine taxonomy but also support ecological monitoring and conservation. Despite challenges like incomplete reference databases and methodological biases, DNA-based identification is transforming lichenology, opening new avenues for research and public engagement