Global changes due to climate and anthropogenic disturbance are an increasing threat to biodiversity, ecosystem functions, and services worldwide. A better understanding of the magnitude of these impacts, the primary drivers, mechanisms, and ecological consequences at the individual, population, community, and ecosystem scales is urgently needed. Several experiments and observational studies, including long-term monitoring, have been conducted worldwide to address global change-related questions across multiple scales. Since lichens are primary colonizers on the lithosphere and play numerous functional roles in ecosystems, including nutrient cycling and pollution sensitivity, their sensitivity to microclimatic changes may be used to estimate the ecological continuity of forests and to establish networks for monitoring climate change. The unique characteristics of lichens enable the evaluation of air quality and serve as an effective early-warning system to assess glacier retreat and the accumulation of pollutants (metals, metalloids, POPs, radioactive substances, and pesticides) in terrestrial ecosystems. The sensitivity of lichens to environmental change has led to their widespread use as indicators for pollution monitoring and identifying forest habitats for biodiversity protection. One way to overcome these challenges is through simplified coordination and standardisation of methods and sampling protocols, especially for beginners. Here, we provide some methods for field and laboratory experiments intended to stimulate standardised data collection and enhance connections between air pollution and global change research in scientific disciplines. Additionally, the methods described in this chapter aim to expand our understanding of lichen responses to air pollution and climate change at both regional and global levels, ultimately improving the quality of future research. Biomonitoring, Ecosystem, Measurements, Pollutants.