The Caatinga biome occupies most of the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil, with varied landscapes and notable endemism. Among the plants having significant importance in the Caatinga environment is the palm tree Syagrus coronata, which is known as the “life-saving plant” due to its high socio-biological and economic value. To better understand the mycota of the Arecaceae, collections were undertaken in the municipalities of Paulo Afonso and Nova Glória within the Raso da Catarina eco-region in the drylands (“sertão”) of Bahia State, Brazil. Twenty species of Ascomycota were identified during the present work: three are new records for South America (Diplodia galiicola, Seimatosporium corni, and Wojnowiciella viburni); eleven are new records for Brazil (Anthostomella caricis, Caryospora callicarpa, C. putaminum, Chaetomium subaffine, Diatrype bermudensis, Diatrypella persicae, Didymosphaeria massarioides, Eutypella fraxinicola, Munkovalsaria donacina, Oedohysterium sinense, and Pleospora calvescens); while six are new records for Bahia State (Dirinaria confusa, Lecanora achroa, Phaeosphaeria sp., Pleospora herbarum, Polymeridium julelloides, and Saccardoella macrasca). Syagrus coronata represents a new botanical host for all taxa identified here.