[in Russian with English abstract: ] The article is devoted to some issues of preserving lichen biodiversity in Central Russia (using the Central Black Earth Region as an example). In light of the theory of "island biogeography", the factors that determine the diversity of lichen biota in the context of modern fragmentation of natural landscapes are discussed. A significant influence of the natural dynamics of some forest and steppe plant communities on the species composition of lichen biota is revealed. The need to select different approaches to preserving rare lichen species, depending on their environmental requirements, is noted. Keywords: lichen biota, lichens, rare species, biodiversity conservation, landscapes, Central Black Earth Region, Central Russia.