Specimens previously determined as Carbonea assimilis, all lichenicolous on Tephromela atra and originating from the Eastern Alps (Austria and Italy), have been revised and found conspecific with the recently described Carbonea tephromelae. According to our observations C. tephromelae is a lichenized-lichenicolous species. Material of a number of additional Carbonea species has been used for comparison and the label data have been listed, resulting in notable range extensions for some lichenicolous species, namely C. aggregantula (first records for Slovenia and China), C. herteliana (first records for Germany, Italy, and Slovenia), C. intrudens (first records for Germany, Pakistan, and Canada), C. supersparsa, and C. vitellinaria (first records for Australia). Key words: Ascomycota, Lecanorales, lichenicolous fungi, arctic-alpine distribution pattern.