[in Russian with English summary: ] Species composition and distribution of lichens and vascular plants in three places of Arctic deserts on Severnyi Island of Novaya Zemlya Archipelago are considered in the present paper. The data were obtained in summer, 1995. 55 lichen species and subspecies, 64 species and subspecies of hepatic and leafy mosses and 54 species of flowering plants were found there for the first time. Lichenoflora includes species with arctic-alpine areas, common for the Arctic region. In contrast with the Western Arctic, its species composition is poor. Mossy flora of Arctic deserts at Novaya Zemlya Archipelago is mixed and includes polyzonal species. It comprises species, characteristic to both Siberian and European Arctic; some of them are considered new for Eurasian Arctic deserts. Among the flowering plants the species with arctalpine latitude areas and circumpolar distribution are found to be dominating. By their Angiosperm floral composition polar deserts of Novaya Zemlya Archipelago are in the intermediate position between the floras of European (Western) and Siberian (Eastern) Arctic.