[in Russian with English summary: ] Local distribution of Usnea species are related with contrast Buryatia republic climatic conditions. 10 species have been revealed, geographical tendency in species distribution is presented as occurring in the Buryatia. Revision according by own and herbaria materials of IGEB SB RAS, Ulan-Ude (UUH) and the Komarov Botanical Institute, Saint-Petersberg (LE). Morphology and anatomy studied by standard methods with a light microscope, a dissecting and scanning electronic microscopes. Secondary metabolites explore by Thin-layer Chromatography. At least 2 sample from every species to different sites taken. HPTLC was performed follow by Orange [15], using “Sorbfil” plates in solvent system A and C and acetone extract from thalli fragments. In some samples chemistry explored by HPLC on Agilent 1200 chromatograph. All samples with most commom chemotypes of lichen substances represent. A practical identification key for 10 species of genus Usnea (Parmeliaceae) for Buryatia Republic provided. Key based on external characters, and will be useful for “quick” determination, but chemotaxonomic features although important. Key illustrated and provided with glossary of the main terms. The most important distinguishing features of Usnea should be considered estimation and types of soralia and presence/absence of isidia, form and color of holdfast, branching and form of secondary branches, details of inner structure. Fibrills and papilla density also very important, but can be varied by environmental condition. In drought condition adaptive ectomorphs образуются to extreme environmental factors as drought and high radiation. Keywords: Usnea, lichens, key, Republic of Buryatia.