Ramalina carminae is described as new to science. The new species is found in several localities in Portugal and Spain and in one locality in Sardinia (Italy). It is characterized by a fruticose thallus with profuse soralia, irregular shape, twisted branches and by the presence of variolaric acid as the only compound in the medulla. Key words: Iberian Peninsula, new species, Ramalina, taxonomy, secondary chemistry, variolaric acid.